Tribal Rights vs. State Monopoly: The Struggle for Kendu Leaf Ownership in Odisha

The Forest Rights Act (FRA) of 2006 was a landmark legislation aimed at undoing "historical injustice" by recognizing the rights of forest-dwelling communities over their traditional lands and resources. Central to this is the right to own, collect, use, and dispose of Minor Forest Produce (MFP). However, in Odisha’s Koraput district, tribal Gram Sabhas are finding these legal guarantees difficult to realize in the face of a persistent state monopoly over Kendu leaves. Kendu leaves, often referred to as "green gold," are a vital source of seasonal income for tribal populations, particularly women. Under the FRA, Gram Sabhas are the legal owners of MFP. Yet, the Odisha government continues to control the trade through the Odisha Kendu Leaves (Control of Trade) Act, 1961. For the Gram Sabhas to exercise their rights, the state must issue a "deregulation letter" to formally relinquish its monopoly. The absence of this administrative action has effectively barred thousands of tribal collectors from selling their produce in the open market, forcing them to remain dependent on state-fixed prices which are often lower than market rates.