Advancing Energy Transition: The Role of Geothermal and Modular Nuclear Technologies

A central theme of the summit was the necessity of fostering a robust start-up ecosystem to bridge the gap between laboratory innovation and commercial scalability. While India has made significant strides in indigenizing technology, the transition from pilot projects to industrial-scale deployment remains a hurdle. Experts emphasized that policy support—through targeted R&D funding, streamlined regulatory frameworks for nuclear safety, and public-private partnerships—is essential to de-risk these emerging technologies. By integrating these advanced energy solutions into the national grid, India can not only reduce its carbon footprint but also enhance energy security, a critical component of its long-term economic strategy. Furthermore, the adoption of these technologies aligns with the principles of a circular economy, where energy efficiency and resource optimization are prioritized. As India aims to balance rapid industrialization with environmental stewardship, the focus on scaling innovative energy tech will be instrumental in achieving its climate commitments while maintaining high growth trajectories. UPSC Relevance: This topic is highly relevant for GS Paper III, particularly under the sections of 'Infrastructure: Energy' and 'Achievements of Indians in science & technology'. Aspirants can utilize this information to frame answers on India's energy security, the transition to net-zero, and the role of emerging technologies in sustainable development. It also provides a strong basis for discussing policy interventions required to support deep-tech start-ups in the energy sector.